The two ways to make a vase into a cameo vase are either acid-etching or wheel-carving. By far, the most labor intensive is the latter. First the colored glass was applied by a second worker while the vase was molten. That step is called padding. Upon cooling, the vase was sent to a carver who manually carved the decoration from top to bottom. There is no acid-etching in this vase at all. It's totally wheel-carved and incredible. Nice size at 11¾" tall. Signed. Mint condition.